Kgiro imwe inorema zvakadii? Masayendisiti anga achiongorora dambudziko iri rinoita serakareruka kwemazana emakore.
Muna 1795, France yakaburitsa mutemo waiti "giramu" "huremu hwemvura mucube ine huwandu hwakaenzana nechikamu chimwe chete pazana chemita pakupisa kana chando chanyunguduka (ndiko kuti, 0°C)." Muna 1799, masayendisiti akawana kuti huwandu hwemvura hwakagadzikana zvakanyanya kana huwandu hwemvura hwakanyanya pa4°C, saka tsananguro yekirogiramu yakachinja kuita "huremu hwe1 cubic decimeter yemvura yakachena pa4°C". Izvi zvakagadzira kilogiramu yepakutanga yeplatinum yakachena, kilogiramu inotsanangurwa seyakaenzana nehuremu hwayo, iyo inonzi archives kilogram.
Kilogiramu iyi yezvakachengetwa yave ichishandiswa sechiyereso kwemakore makumi mapfumbamwe. Muna 1889, Musangano wekutanga weInternational Conference on Metrology wakabvumidza kopi yeplatinum-iridium alloy iri pedyo nekilogiramu yezvakachengetwa sekilogiramu yekutanga yepasi rose. Huremu hwe "kilogiramu" hunotsanangurwa nesimbi yeplatinum-iridium alloy (90% platinum, 10% iridium) cylinder, ine urefu hwemamirimita makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe pakureba uye dhayamita, uye parizvino yakachengetwa mupasi pevhu kunze kweParis.
Kirogiramu yepakutanga yepasi rose
Kubva muNguva yeKujekeswa, nharaunda yekuongorora yakazvipira kugadzira hurongwa hwekuongorora hwepasi rose. Kunyangwe iri nzira inogoneka yekushandisa chinhu chaicho sechiyereso chekuyera, nekuti chinhu chaicho chinokuvadzwa nyore nyore nezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nevanhu kana zvakatipoteredza, kugadzikana kuchakanganiswa, uye nharaunda yekuongorora yagara ichida kurega nzira iyi nekukurumidza.
Mushure mekunge kilogiramu yatora tsananguro yekirigiramu yekutanga yepasi rose, pane mubvunzo unonetsa zvikuru nyanzvi dzezvemetro: tsananguro iyi yakagadzikana zvakadii? Ichafamba nekufamba kwenguva here?
Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti mubvunzo uyu wakabvunzwa pakutanga kwetsananguro yehuremu hweyuniti yekirogiramu. Semuenzaniso, pakatarwa kilogiramu muna 1889, International Bureau of Weights and Measures yakagadzira huremu hwe7 platinum-iridium alloy kilogram, imwe yacho iri International The original kilogram inoshandiswa kutsanangura huremu hweyuniti yekirogiramu, uye zvimwe huremu zvitanhatu zvakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakafanana uye maitiro akafanana zvinoshandiswa sezviyero zvechipiri zvekutarisa kana paine kutenderera kwenguva pakati peumwe neumwe.
Panguva imwe chete, nekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yakanyatsogadzirwa, tinodawo zviyero zvakagadzikana uye zvakarurama. Nokudaro, chirongwa chekutsanangura patsva chikamu chepasi rose chepasi rose nezvikamu zvisingachinji zvakaumbwa chakakurudzirwa. Kushandisa zvikamu zvisingachinji kutsanangura zvikamu zvekuyera zvinoreva kuti tsanangudzo idzi dzichazadzisa zvinodiwa nechizvarwa chinotevera chezvakawanikwa nesainzi.
Sekureva kwedata repamutemo reInternational Bureau of Weights and Measures, mumakore zana kubva muna 1889 kusvika 2014, kuenderana kwehunhu hwemamwe makirogiramu ekutanga uye makirogiramu ekutanga epasi rose zvakachinja nemakirogiramu angangoita makumi mashanu. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti pane dambudziko nekugadzikana kwechiyero chehunhu hwemhando. Kunyangwe shanduko yemakirogiramu makumi mashanu ichinzwika diki, ine simba guru kune mamwe maindasitiri epamusoro-soro.
Kana zvimisikidzo zvekutanga zvemuviri zvichishandiswa kutsiva chiyero chekirogiramu chemuviri, kugadzikana kwechikamu chehukuru hakuzokanganiswi nenzvimbo nenguva. Nokudaro, muna 2005, International Committee for Weights and Measures yakagadzira hurongwa hwekushandiswa kwezvimisikidzo zvekutanga zvemuviri kutsanangura mamwe mayuniti ekutanga eInternational System of Units. Zvinokurudzirwa kuti chimisikidzo chePlanck chishandiswe kutsanangura chiyero chehukuru hwekirogiramu, uye marabhoritari ane hunyanzvi hwenyika anokurudzirwa kuita basa rekutsvagisa resainzi rine chekuita nazvo.
Saka, paMusangano weNyika Dzepasi Pose weMetrology wa2018, masayendisiti akavhota kuti chikero cheprototype chepasi rose chibviswe zviri pamutemo, uye akachinja chisimbiso chePlanck (chiratidzo h) sechiyero chitsva chekutsanangura patsva "kg".
Nguva yekutumira: Kurume-05-2021